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| 1808 |
| | | Napoleon transfers his brother Joseph Bonaparte from the throne of Naples to that of Spain | |
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| 1808 |
| | | Napoleon gives the throne of Naples, vacated by his brother Joseph, to Joachim Murat | |
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| 1808 |
| | | The French capture of Madrid provokes a British response and the resulting Peninsular War | |
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| 1808 |
| | | A British army under Arthur Wellesley (later duke of Wellington) defeats the French at Vimeiro, near Lisbon | |
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| 1809 |
| | | British commander Arthur Wellesley builds the lines of Torres Vedras, to defend the promontory leading south to Lisbon | |
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| 1809 |
| | | Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII | |
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| 1809 |
| | | Napoleon, in response to his excommunication, has pope Pius VII arrested and kept in captivity in northern Italy and then France | |
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| 1809 |
| | | Napoleon enters Vienna and defeats the Austrians in a battle at nearby Wagram | |
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| 1809 |
| | | John Moore dies at Corunna but his army escapes from Spain and gets back to England | |
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| 1810 |
| | | The Spanish Cortes flees from the renewed French invasion and establishes itself in Cadiz | |
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